Papua Anthill

Introduction

Papua is one of the regions in Indonesia which is rich in biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Some medicinal plants of Papua has been absorbing a lot of circles, both conventional medical circles and among the complementary and alternative medicine, including the popular gods crown at the beginning of 2000,the red fruit 2004 and keben 2005. ant nest has been used by the public and the news discussed in asia and europe.

in early 2006 we have introduced one another herb from Papua who got tremendous applause from the public, both conventional medical circles, among complementary and alternative medicine, the ant plant.
approximately 3 years now a lot of people busy discussing about the ant nest because it has many uses to cure various diseases, ranging from mild, such as headaches side, rheumatism, nosebleeds, ulcers, gout and hemorrhoids to severe diseases such as tumors, cancer, liver, lung tuberculosis, kidney disorders, prostate, and coronary heart disease. In addition, these plants can enhance and accelerate the production of breast milk (breast milk) and restore the health of women after childbirth, increasing stamina and as an aphrodisiac (increases sexual desire) even say that the content of flavonoids may control the development of herpes virus and HIV-AIDS virus.


Know Plants Ants Nest

Ant nests have been known by the public is in the form of an ant nest holes in the ground, buildings, or the leaves on the trees made by certain ant colony, could be fire ants, Rangkang, black ants, or white ants. However, there is not such an ant nest, but the plant epiphytes attached to the large trees that bubbled underneath the rod contains cavities that are provided as a certain type of ant nests.

The ant nest is PLANT NAME, not a nest of ants
Ant nests are plants from Hydnophytinae (Rubiaceae) are associated with ants. These plants are epiphytes, meaning attached to other plants, not a parasite living on the host but merely use it to stick. Examples of other epiphytes commonly found living in trees is moss crust, moss, algae, vines and orchids. Actually there are 5 ant genus in the family Rubiaceae, but only the genus and Myrmecodia Hydnophytum the closest association with ants. Ant genus is divided into several species on the structure of the tuber. Hydnophytum consists of 45 species and 26 species Myrmecodia so there are 71 species of ant nests. All species of this plant has a hollow stem bubble-like fruit cavity generally inhabited by ants.


Endemic & Ecology

The spread of the ant nest from Peninsular Malaysia to the Philippines, Thailand, vietnam, Cambodia, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Papua, Papua New Guinea, Cape York to Solomon Islands, in China reported to have consumed ant nest & ants as medicine since 3000 years ago.
The province of Papua, ant plants are found in mountainous areas, namely in the jungles of Jayawijaya District, Tolikara Regency, Puncak Jaya District, The Star Mountains District and Paniai District. The greatest diversity of ant nests are found in Papua, where the highland species are locally specific.

In ecology, ant nest spread of mangrove forest and the trees on the beach to a height of 2400 m. ant nest most often found in grasslands and is rarely found in lowland tropical forests, but more often found in forests and open agricultural areas with an altitude of about 600 m.
ant nests were found attached to some trees, usually eucalyptus tree (Melaleuca), mountain pine (casuarina), kaha (Castanopsis) and beech trees (Nothofagus), but rarely on trees with smooth trunks and brittle like Eucalyptus.


Ant nests also lived in the plains without a tree with low nutrients and at the height of the tree. In the wild habitat of the ant nests are inhabited by different types of ants and often by three species of the genus Iridomyrmex. Identify what we do to pendens Myrmecodia anthill indicates that this plant is inhabited by a colony of ants from the species Ochetellus sp.

Ants Nest Traditional Knowledge

From the literature there are recorded only 1 species and 1 species Myrmecodia Hydnophytum used as a medicine by the local population in certain regions of Southeast Asia, namely Hydnophytum Formicarum Jack and Myrmecodia Tuberosa Jack. In Indonesia, H. formicarum and M. Tuberosa called the house ants used to treat swelling, headaches and rheumatism. Meanwhile, boil the water used to treat hernias and gastritis. In the Philippines, the boiled water is used to treat liver and digestive problems. In Thailand, powders used for antelmintik (de-worming), cardiac tonic, bone diseases, skin diseases, lung diseases, pain in joints and as an ingredient for the drug antidiabetes mixture. In Malaysia, the boiled water used to treat cancer. In Vietnam, this plant is used to treat hepatitis, rheumatism and diarrhea.

Ingredients Active Compounds

Chemical analysis of the ant nest showed that this plant mainly contains chemical compounds from the class of flavonoids and tannins. Flavonoids are a class of compounds of natural ingredients that many phenolic compounds are plant pigments. Currently more than 6000 different compounds into the class of flavonoids. Flavonoids are an important part of our diet because many health benefits. Most flavonoids function in our body is as an antioxidant.

The benefits of flavonoids among others is to protect the cell structure, has a synergistic relationship with vitamin C (increase the effectiveness of vitamin C), anti-inflammatory, prevents bone loss and as an antibiotic. In many cases, flavonoids can act directly as an antibiotic to disrupt the function of microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses.

• Flavonoids function as an antiviral has been published, including for the HIV virus (AIDS) and herpes viruses. In addition, flavonoids are also reported to play a role in the prevention and treatment of several other diseases such as asthma, kataraks, diabetes, rheumatism / arthritis, migraines, hemorrhoids, and periodontitis (inflammation of the connective tissue supporting the roots of teeth). Ant's ability to treat various types of cancer / tumor, tuberculosis, and arthritis / rheumatism is closely related to the content flavonoid.


Recent studies have revealed other functions of flavonoids, not only for prevention, but also for the treatment of cancer. Many of the working mechanisms of flavonoids that have been revealed, such as inactivation of carcinogens, antiprofilisasi, inhibition of cell cycle, induction apaoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis inhibition, and reversal of multi-drug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms.

• Tanin is astringen, bitter taste plant polyphenols that can bind and precipitate proteins. Tannins are generally known to be used for leather tanning, but tannin is also a lot of applications in the field of medicine, eg for treatment of diarrhea, hemostatik (stop bleeding), and hemorrhoids. Ant's ability to treat hemorrhoids and bleeding related to the content tanin.

In addition, ant nests are rich in antioxidants tocopherol (vitamin E) and several important minerals for the body such as calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, phosphorus and magnesium.

• Tocopherol (vitamin E) of about 313 ppm. Ananlisis antioxidants from crude plant extracts showed that the ant nest extract has antioxidant activity is, the IC 50 values obtained by 48.6 ppm. While alpha-tocopherol which is a powerful antioxidant with IC 50 values obtained for the number 5.1 ppm. IC50 is the concentration of antioxidants that can reduce or inhibit 50% of free radicals. The smaller the IC50 value of an antioxidant, the more powerful the antioxidants. Alpha-tocopherol at concentrations of 12 ppm have been able to reduce free radicals as much as 96% and the percentage of this inhibition remains constant for concentrations higher than 12 ppm. The results of this research has the meaning that alpha-tocopherol at low concentrations also has a silencer activity of free radicals up to near 100%

• Calcium in the work of the heart function, nerve impulses and blood clotting.
• Iron functions in the formation of hemoglobin, oxygen transport, enzyme activators.
• Phosphorus functions in calcium absorption and energy production.
• Sodium has a role in electrolyte balance, body fluid volume and nerve impulses.
• Potassium function in heart rhythm, nerve impulses and acid-base equilibrium.
• Zinc has a function in protein synthesis, sexual function, storing insulin, carbohydrate metabolism and wound healing.
• Magnesium has a role in the function of bone, liver, muscle, transfer of intracellular water, alkaline balance and neuromuscular activity.

Mineral functions above can explain some of the other benefits from ant nests, for example in helping to overcome a variety of diseases / disorders of the heart, launching and treat menstrual discharge, blood circulation, cure migraen (the headaches), renal dysfunction and prostate, restore freshness and stamina, and restore sexual desire.

In some ASEAN countries such as Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, the research of this type of ant nests H. formicarum had earlier done since 5 years ago, especially relating to the evaluation of toxicity, antioxidant and anticancer. So far this has been reported that the methanol extract, methanol: water (1:1), and water from H. formicarum has been shown to inhibit the growth of several types of tumors and cancer cells in vitro with high activity. One mechanism that has been revealed is the induction of apoptosis is indicated by a change in morphology and DNA fragmentation.

Ethanol extract of H. formicarum also reported to contain active compounds Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC) that has an effective anticancer activity. HDAC inhibitors is a class of active compounds currently being tested clinically as anticancer. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, induce differentiation and cause cell death apoptotik of cancer cells of breast, lung, ovary, prostate and colon. HDAC inhibitors allegedly caused transcriptional activation of several genes whose expression causes inhibition of tumor growth.

Water and chloroform extracts from H. formicarum has been reported also to have strong antioxidant activity through free radical test of 1.1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) with inhibitory concentration (IC50), each for 32.95 mg / ml and 39.1 mg / ml. A pure compounds that have been successfully isolated from hexane extract of H. formicarum is stigmasterol which has cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells and cancer cells nasopharynx with LC50 values of 87.7 and 34.3 mg / ml.

Multi efficacy ant species M. pendans allegedly related to the content of active compounds, especially from among flavonoids, tannins, tocopherol, multi-minerals (Ca, Na, K, P, Zn, Fe, Mg) and polysaccharides. Ethanol extract of M. pendans have antioxidant activity with IC50's of 48.6 mg / ml. The same extracts also have activity as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (anti uric acid) which is equivalent to the concentration of allopurinol 200 mg / ml. Toxicity tests that have been made to extract the water M. pendans shows that consumption of ants nests at doses of 3 x 1 tablespoon (the usual dose is consumed) is still relatively safe. Pure compounds that have been successfully isolated from the class of steroids is / terpenoid and flavonoid glycosides.

Ants nest Scientific Evidence

In vitro tests, proved that the ant nest of cancer cells to overcome powerful. Proving efficacy is Qui Kim Tran of the National Universit of Hochiminch City and colleagues Yasuhiro Tezuka, Yuko Harimaya, and Arjun Hari Banskota. Qui a third person's colleagues working in Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University.

In his research Tran Kim Qui using ant nest weighing 2-3 kg, and then extracted with various solvents such as water, methanol, and methanol-water mixture. They then grow 3 cancer cells very easily metastesis aka spread to other body parts such as cervical cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Each was extracted and then given to each cancer cell. The result is amazing, ant nests have antiproliferasi activity. In medicine, the proliferation of cell growth is very fast and abnormal. It means the growth of cancer cells rapidly and uncontrollably. Antiproliferasi means hinder the process of cell multiplication.

As quoted Pharmaceutical Biology Bulletin, Qui Kim Tran and his colleagues reported that the extract of ants nest suppress human tumor cell proliferation. In the tests proved the effectiveness of EC50 level reaches 9.97 mg / ml in methanol extracts. This means that only a small dose, 9.97 mg / ml, the extract suppressed the ant nest 50% rate of growth of cancer cells. While the water extract of EC50 of 22.3 mg / ml methanol-water mixture, 11.3 mg / ml. The research confirms the empirical experience of many people who recovered from cancer.

The ants nest in addition also contain tocopherol. Tocopherol-like effect of vitamin E are effective antioxidants.

According to Prof Dr Elin Yulinah Sukandar, professor of Pharmacy ITB, tocopherol content was high enough. Tocopherol functions as an antioxidant and anticancer. He counteract free radical attack antidegeneratif way, he said. Compounds rich in vitamin E was also useful as antiaging. When we consume a lot of fat and free radicals, with the tocopherol to overcome, experts said Ahmad Sulaeman PhD. Nutritionists doctoral alumnus of the University of Nebraska Lincoln was revealed, the role of vitamin E for vital health. It prevents the unsaturated fatty acids, components of cell membranes from oxidation by free radicals.

In terms of consumer safety, scientific research has been done by Muhammad Ahkam Subroto, doctoral alumnus of the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, has guaranteed the security of this herb. The research proves, the consumption of 3 times 1 tablespoon per day Ant's Nest is still very safe. The results of such research medapati anthill LD50 figures so high that consumers are protected security. Where is a good criterion if the drug effective dose away with LD50. (From various sources, primary sources: Book "Gempur disease with Ant's Nest" author Dr. Ir. Ahkam Subroto, Hendro Saputro

Why ant nests are so useful ?
ant uniqueness lies in the interaction of ants that nest in the tubers contained in the hallways in it.temperature stability inside the make ant colony living long lodged in this plant. Plants a long time there was a natural chemical reaction between the compounds in ant to remove the substances contained in plants and some other microbes, This combination makes a powerful ant overcome various diseases.insect experts say that anti-oxidants and formic acid in the salivary glands of ants serve as guards at a nest egg. viewed this condition is almost similar to that of honey bees out to protect their eggs.



Ants Nest empirically proven to cure various ailments and severe, such as cancer and tumors, gout, coronary heart disease, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, migraine, arthritis and leukemia. Regarding the content of the work mechanism of the active compounds in treating ant nests of the disease still needs to be done further research.

Some diseases can be cured and the possibility of active compounds that contribute to conquer the disease is described as follows:

1. Cancer and tumors
The types of cancer and tumors, both benign or malignant, which can be cured with Ant's Nest is a brain cancer, nasal cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, uterine cancer, skin cancer, prostate cancer, and cancer blood (leukemia), except for cancers of the throat and oral cavity.
Ants Nest ability empirically for the treatment of various types of cancer / tumor is allegedly related to the flavonoid. There are several mechanisms of flavonoid in combating tumors / cancer, such as inactivation of carcinogens, antiproliferasi, inhibition of cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and reversal of multi-drug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms.

2. Cardiac disorders, especially coronary heart
Until now the mechanism is not yet clear, but the ability of ant nests for the treatment of various diseases / disorders of the heart has to do with multi-mineral content of ant nests, particularly calcium and potassium.

3. Mild or Severe Stroke
Treatment of stroke is related to the possibility of multi-mineral content contained in ant nests.

4. Piles (hemorrhoids)
Ants Nest ability to treat haemorrhoid (piles) associated with the flavonoid and high taninnya. Both groups of these compounds in several studies it has been proven to treat hemorrhoids.

5. Lump-lump in the breast
What is meant by lump-lump in the breast is not swollen tumor (non-neoplastic). Allegedly similar to the healing mechanisms tumors and cancer cases, by relying on the ability of the flavonoid contained in the ant nest.

6. Renal dysfunction and prostate
Mechanism of renal dysfunction treatment and prostate may have something to do with the content of antioxidants (flavonoids and tocopherol) and the multi-minerals that exist in ant nests.

7. Menstruation and vaginal discharge
The process of treatment for menstrual discharge and launch something to do with the content of flavonoids, tannins, and multi-minerals, especially calcium and zinc.

8. Circulation
High content of antioxidants (tocopherol and flavonoids) and multi-minerals contained in the nest has an important role in blood circulation.

9. Migraine (headache side)
For the treatment of migraine associated with flavonoid functions and multi-minerals in the ant nest, especially calcium, sodium, and magnesium.

10. Lung disease (TBC)
TBC treatment associated with the role of flavonoids contained in the ant nest that served as the antivirus.

11. Arthritis (gout)
This is related to the ability of flavonoids as inhibitor of xanthine oxidase enzymes and antioxidants, and tocopherol as an antioxidant and multi-minerals contained in ant nests.

12. Nasal allergic disorders, nosebleeds, sneezing
Compounds responsible for this disorder are antioxidants (tocopherol and flavonoids) and tannins.

13. Stomach ulcers
Like tuberculosis, which play a role in ulcer treatment is a flavonoid contained in the ant nest as an antibacterial.

Additional benefits Ants Nest

In addition to empirically proven to cure various diseases as mentioned above, ant nests can also be used to launch and promote breastfeeding, restore sexual desire, and restore and maintain stamina.
1. Smooth and increase milk
Multi-mineral content of the plants allegedly Ants Nest has an important role in launching and increase milk production, speeding up recovery after giving birth the mother's health, and restore femininity.
2. Restore sexual desire
High content of antioxidants (tocopherol and flavonoids) and multi-mineral plant ant nests are expected to have an important role in increasing sexual arousal.
3. Recovering stamina
High content of antioxidants (tocopherol and flavonoids) and multi-mineral plant ant nests are expected to have an important role in restoring freshness and stamina.

How to Use for the Treatment Alternative

There are currently 2 form of ant products on the market, the dry powder and water extract capsules.
How to use for ant powder is as follows:
1. Pour one tablespoon full (approximately 10 g) powder into a pot made of stainless steel
(do not use aluminum pans, leaks) contains approximately 500 ml of water (2 glass);
2. Powder Cook until boiling, fire, stirring occasionally reduced for about 15 minutes (2 cups water to 1 cup); 3. Cool the stew results
4. Strain the cooking liquid water and water of stew is ready to drink.

In general, children under the age of 10 years had half the dose given at a dose of adult use are :

a). for cure: drink the water from the boiled regularly 2-3 times a day until healed, and every drug dose for one time use
b). for prevention: can be taken regularly 2-3 times a week to stay healthy and fit


Affecting Security

Dosage
empirically the maximum safe dose 3 times a boiling water 1 tablespoon per day

Interactions with drugs
as a precautionary measure to avoid negative interactions with the ant nest conventional medicine, we recommend the consumption of both the interval of about 2 hours

Allergies
certain people may be allergic (eg itching and diarrhea). if you consume the ant nest. the problem of incompatibility, so consumption must be stopped

There are a few tips, if you buy in the form of an ant nest

characteristics of the original ant are as follows:
1. If we squeeze the Original ant nest is still hard, not easily broken
2. dry form color sorrel
3. if you drink the water from the boiled then it is fresh and smelling the ground
4. If we soak in the water, the ant nest will stay afloat, not sink and doesn't remove the red color

characteristics of low quality ant nests are as follows:
1. If we squeeze the ant nest will shrink and easily broken
2. dry form color sorrel
3. in drinking water if the stew bitter results
4. if we soak in the water it will sink and pulled out a red color

Notes:
if you buy a packaged plant in the form of powder or a capsule view of Ministry of Health permit.
Until now there has been no information saying that consume liquid or powder capsules anthill in drinking as recommended doses may cause side effects to the user.

native ant nests found only in the papua because that comes from papua was in thorough medical scientists from asia and europe. than papua, ant nests from other areas in Indonesia can not be used as a treatment because there is no content that can be used as a treatment

In closing it should be emphasized here that the many species of ants that nest there, only 3 medicinal species in accordance with the traditional knowledge of local people in Southeast Asia, namely: Hydnophytum formicarum, Myrmecodia tuberosa and Myrmecodia pendans. Therefore, for safety's sake it is recommended that people use to be careful in choosing which type of ant nests right to treatment.



Contact by E-mail : anthillpapua@gmail.com